Collegesanduniversitieswereoncelargelyremovedfromthemar...

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Colleges and universities were once largely removed from the marketplace as they dedicated themselves to the pursuit of ideas, discovery and truth, and to the education of students for the common good. In exchange, they received from society academic freedom, tax exemptions and the public trust.

In today's world, Professor Derek Bok, former president of Harvard, writes in his new book Universities in the Marketplace: the Commercialization of Higher Education, drug companies pour billions of dollars into medical school, universities sell the right to use their scientific discoveries to industry, and faculty members occupy such industry endowed chairs as the Kmart professor of marketing.

Where commercialism on campuses was once largely restricted to athletics, it is now booming in medical schools and research labs, with their ever-increasing need for resources. And, Professor Bok writes, with a depressed economy, federal deficits and state cutbacks in higher education all contributing to chronic money shortages on campus, college and university administrators are under intense pressure to become yet more entrepreneurial.

Unless institutions remain clear about their academic value as they pursue new opportunities to earn and raise money, Mr. Bok writes, "Commercialization threatens to change the character of the university in ways that limit its freedom, sap its effectiveness and lower its standing in society."

“Company officials," he writes, "regularly insist that information concerning the work they support be kept secret while the research is going on and for a long enough time thereafter to allow them to decide whether to file for a patent." Also, he writes, they may treat other valuable information as unsuitable for patenting, but as permanent trade secrets instead.

This sort of secrecy, he writes, is sharply at odds with the academic values of openness and collegiality, and will probably inhibit scientific progress, at least to some extent, by limiting the flow of information and ideas those investigators need in order to advance their work. In some instances, Mr. Bok writes, drug companies have pressured researches to suppress unfavorable findings.

In his book Mr. Bok holds up big intercollegiate athletics programs, where some football and basketball coaches earn annual salaries of $500,000, students are enrolled only for their athletic ability and huge amounts of money are poured into stadiums and training facilities, as the worst example of how commercialization can erode the values and goals of the institution. “Athletics is the one case where you can see this develop over a long period of time and observe the kind of irreversible problems you can get into," Mr. Bok said

73. According to the passage, universities sacrifice financial prosperity in exchange for ________.

      A. financial security                                         B. academic freedom

      C. public reputation                                         D. admiration of tax payers

74. According to Mr. Bok, the reason why universities are more money oriented could be the result of ______.

      A. an ever-increasing need for resources by medical schools and research labs

      B. a temporary shortage of funds on campus

      C. the existence of more entrepreneurial university administrators

      D. the competition coming from the outside

75. It can be learned from the passage that some valuable information may be __________.

      A. in store for succeeding generations            B. for want of confirmation

      C. at the mercy of some company officials       D. out of proportion to efforts involved

76. In the eyes of Mr. Bok, the worst example of the damage done by commercialization is ________.

      A. medical schools receiving funds from drug companies

      B. extended time needed for patenting

      C. faculty members starting their own venture capital companies

      D. big intercollegiate athletics programs.

77. Mr. Bok believes that the danger of commercialism lies in the fact that __________.

      A. universities are unable to resist the investment from drug companies

      B. it could erode the values and goals of higher education

      C. universities may use their scientific findings to do evil at will

      D. it would destroy scientific progress

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