The orientation of the principal stresses relative to the directions of the polarizer and first quarter-wave plate is of course immaterial.
Today, polarizer used frequently and of excellent performance are polarizing prism and beam splitter prism, which are made by Iceland.
The most renowned birefringent polarizer was introduced in 1828 by the Scottish physicist Nicol.
transmitted-light microscope with camera and polarizer
The left picture was taken with a circular polarizer on the camera, the right one without.
The relation of throughput with deviation is deduced under the polarized direction of polarizer and the direction of half wave plate's light axis deviating from ideal direction.
Crystal optical characteristics of transparent minerals appeared in these systems of monopolarizer, crossed polarizer and conoscope will be observed and explained with the fundamentals of crystal.
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