Ultimately, which way Iraq goes will depend on whether its elites decide to use their freedom to loot their country or to rebuild it.
Neither side has ever definitively won, but powerful elites have lined up so consistently and effectively on the side of secrecy that calls for greater transparency have generally lost the argument.
But it is spreading rapidly among the middle classes and the elites.
The restlessness will raise questions in the elites about how to maintain order and protect their privileged position.
What is more alarming than the prospect of ignorance on the part of the majority is their collective seduction by hard left elites, particularly those in the Academy.
Moreover, in the case of England, there was tremendous fluidity between elites.
“When you decentralize anti-poverty programs on the ground, the idea that elites will use that for capturing a program is a big policymaker's concern,” Besley says.
A history curriculum is often a telling sign of how a nation and its elites see themselves: as victims of colonialism or practitioners (either repentant or defiant) of imperial power.
Yet brutally enforcing it will anger not just market traders with dollars and Chinese yuan, but also the Mafia elites at the heart of the regime.
Simple elites, simple happiness, simple results. Live simply, be kind, straightforward and magnanimous, and make ordinary life sweet and sweet.
Stealing some of it allows those elites to recoup their investment and enrich themselves further.
Nkrumah, Ghana's first President, writes that poor countries may be nominally free, but they continue to be manipulated from abroad by powerful corporate and plutocratic elites.
It did not deport their elites to the wilds of Wyoming, in cattle trucks. It did not force them to learn English at gunpoint, ban religion or impose an alien economic and cultural system.
Recent characters in his works were stripped of the obvious politicized appearances, and conveyed the empathy adhered to by the social elites and a clear message of social criticism.
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