The meltwater from the glacier on top of the volcano ran down into the crater, chilling the magma and then the pressure from underneath caused an explosion.
Farmers and cattle breeders at the foot of the Tian Shan mountain range have been dependent on meltwater from Central Asian glaciers for 3, 000 years.
Once the ice starts to melt, it is important to then remove any meltwater by pumping or by squeegee to take it away from the turf surface without causing any damage to the underlying turf.
More than a billion people in Asia rely on glacial meltwater for a steady, year-round supply of fresh water.
A meltwater lake on the Greenland ice sheet that contained 44 billion litres and covered 5.7 sq km gurgled away within 24 hours in 2006.
The team paddles the kayaks whilst running the radar, over the carefully selected 25 kilometer course along a meltwater channel which runs down the middle of the glacier's floating ice shelf.
The image here illustrates how these pockets and streams of warm meltwater permeate glaciers and ice sheets.
The meltwater did indeed cut through nearly 1km of ice, as some had hypothesised and others had doubted, forcing its way down thanks to its greater weight and density.
For centuries, the population has depended on meltwater from the glaciers of the high mountains to irrigate their farmland.
Until water flowed through the tether, the team could not tell if the meltwater was draining into the firn or accumulating around the drill, which could freeze the borehole shut.
For some time scientists were puzzled by the speed with which meltwater could disappear through the ice as it drained down natural pipes known as moulins.
In Mingyong, surging meltwater has carried away topsoil; elsewhere, excess runoff has been blamed for more frequent flooding and landslides.
Melting glaciers that supply meltwater for half the world's population and the constriction of rivers by hundreds of DAMS are also major problems, they say.
Warmer temperatures mean more ponds of meltwater on the ice's surface.
Warmer conditions can send meltwater to the glacier’s base, increasing lubrication and consequently glacier speed.
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