transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; requires an expenditure of energy.
The charging process therefore requires the expenditure of energy.
All our expenditure of energy in taking relatives around are taken for granted and easily forgotten, but one single oversight will be forever carved in their memories.
In case a current is steady, the magnetic effect does not represent a continuous expenditure of energy.
She can get through a greater amount of work with less expenditure of energy
Perhaps a key adaptive advantage of the angiosperm is their ability to construct wood with much less expenditure of energy per unit weight.
expenditure of energy on a project
expenditure of energy